DIGITAL EXHIBITIONS2
教育資料
Education Resources
什麽是碑刻？
「碑」泛指鎸刻在立石上的文字或圖像，常作紀功、紀事或標記之用。碑刻一般包括石碑、摩崖、墓誌、石經、造像題記刻銘和刻帖。本展覽圍繞的古代碑刻，主要是與中國帝王相關的碑銘、摩崖刻石及其拓片。
什麽是拓片？
拓片是指使用紙張從青銅器銘文、權量、古幣、磚刻、摩崖書法、碑版、墓誌銘、浮雕石刻和陶器、玉器等器皿上傳拓下來的圖像或文字複製品。傳拓是中國古代一項獨特的傳統技藝，書法拓片有時候更能媲美墨跡，被視為重要的藝術收藏。時至今日，很多古代的墨跡和碑銘刻石原件已損毀或失迭，其傳世拓片因此成爲了研究中國歷史、文化以及書法藝術的重要藝術品和文獻。
什麼是「黑老虎」?
珍貴的碑帖拓片在文物界有「黑老虎」之稱，有解釋是源於墨色和鑑別其真偽之難而命名。拓片如老虎般兇險，一不留神便會被其所咬，作了錯誤的鑑定。
What is a beike?
Beike literally translates to ‘engraved stele’, typically denoting texts or images engraved on stone. This term is commonly used for recording achievements and important events, or for signage purposes. It commonly includes inscriptions on stone steles, cliffs and epitaphs, stone classics, Buddhist and votive steles and model calligraphy.
The engraved stones and corresponding ink rubbings featured in this exhibition primarily encompass inscriptions engraved on cliffs and stone steles related to the lives of imperial kings.
What is an ink rubbing?
An ink rubbing is an inked calligraphic or pictorial impression on paper. The image is reproduced from engravings or reliefs of bronze inscriptions, weights, ancient coins, painted bricks, calligraphy on cliffs, tablets, epitahs, tomb sculptures and vessels such as pottery and jade.
Calligraphic rubbings can sometimes rival the original work in ink and are regarded as an important art form. Most ancient calligraphy is preserved in the form of ink rubbings, as the originals have been damaged or lost forever. Rubbings thus become the only surviving copies of crucial artworks, making them valuable sources for studying Chinese history, culture and calligraphy.
What is a ‘black tiger’?
In the field of cultural relics, a precious ink rubbing is referred to as a ‘black tiger’. Some believe this term came about due to its ink black colour and the difficulty in identifying its authenticity—a challenge that can prove to be as tricky as dodging an attacking tiger’s bite.
拓碑 Taking Ink Rubbings
洗碑
Clean the engraving
上紙
Apply paper to the engraved rock with water and glue
打紙入石
Tamp the paper over the engraving surface with a brush
上墨
Apply ink onto the paper with an ink dabber
剝紙
Peel off the paper
完成品
Complete
碑刻種類 Types of Inscriptions
摩崖刻石
摩崖是懸崖或岩壁上的巨型書法刻石，通常是根據墨蹟本而刻成。
Cliff Inscriptions
Inscriptions on cliffs are large-scale calligraphic works that have been carved into cliff faces and rocks. They are based on texts originally written on paper.
《紀泰山銘》
Inscription on Mount Tai
《紀泰山銘》拓片
Rubbing of Inscription on Mount Tai
石經
石經是古代朝廷刻在石碑上的儒家經典，作為經文的標準。另外，刻在石上的佛經也稱為石經。
Stone Classics
Stone classics are Confucian classics carved onto temple steles by the ancient imperial court. Buddhist texts carved onto stones are also called Stone classics.
《開成石經》
Kaicheng Stone Classics
《正始石經》拓片
Rubbing of Zhengshi Stone Classics
造像題記
造像題記通常指刻在佛教石窟、神龕中有關造像時間、造像者、造像動機和發願對象等的文字記錄。
Buddhist and Votive Steles
Buddhist and votive steles are commissioned texts carved inside grottoes or shrines denoting the creator, the time of making, the motive and the person who it was made for.
華嚴三聖造像，大理州博物館藏
Stele of the Hua-yen Trinity
Collection of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture Museum
造像拓片，香港大學美術博物館藏
Rubbing of Buddhist and Votive Steles
Collection of University Museum and Art Gallery (UMAG), The University of Hong Kong (HKU)
法帖
法帖一般指透過傳拓成冊、匯聚了前人書法墨迹的古代書法複製品。其墨迹通常刻於橫石上。
Model Calligraphy
Model calligraphy generally refers to albums of canonical calligraphy made by ancient masters. Rubbings of model calligraphy were commonly taken from inscribed horizontal stones.
《淳化閣帖》
Chunhua getie
(Model calligraphy compendium)
《玉虹樓法帖》，香港大學美術博物館藏
Yu Hong Lou Fatie
Collection of UMAG, HKU
墓誌銘
墓誌銘是記述死者生平和頌揚死者功德的傳記式文字。
Epitaphs
Epitaphs are brief texts inscribed on steles for honouring or memorialising the achievements of the deceased.
陳濟棠墓誌銘
Chen Ji Tang’s Epitaph
《爨寶子碑》拓片
Ink Rubbing of Cuan Bao Zi Bei
浮雕石刻
浮雕石刻是指陵墓內或外的淺浮雕石刻，在漢代和唐代較盛行。
Reliefs and Tomb Sculptures
Reliefs and tomb sculptures are reliefs carved inside tombs which record artistic styles commonly found in the Han and Tang dynasties.
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拳毛騧
美國賓大考古與人類博物館藏
Quanmaogua Stone Relief
Collection of Penn Museum
拳毛騧拓片
香港大學美術博物館藏
Rubbing of Quanmaogua Stone Relief
Collection of UMAG, HKU
拓片的顔色種類 Different Colours of Ink Rubbings
烏金拓
烏金拓，是指墨色厚重，黑白對比鮮明，烏黑發亮的拓片。
Wujin rubbings (black gold rubbings)
Wujin rubbings refer to ink rubbings made with a thick and lustrous ink featuring a sharp contrast between black and white.
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清拓尺牘
Qing dynasty rubbing of letters album
蟬翼拓
蟬翼拓或蟬衣拓，因色澤紋理似蟬翼而得名。
Chanyi rubbings (Cicada-wing pattern rubbings)
Cicada rubbings are known for their resemblance in colour and pattern to the wings of the cicada.
明拓郁岡齋帖
故宮博物館藏（圖片出自《金石傳拓的審美與實踐》）
Rubbing of Yugangzai Tie (Ming dynasty)
Collection of National Palace Museum in Beijing (Photo from Appreciation and Making of Ink Rubbing)
硃拓
硃拓，是指以礦物顔料硃砂製成的拓片，色彩鮮艷奪目，較常用於傳拓全新的碑刻，代表吉祥。
Vermillion rubbings
Vermillion rubbings are made from the mineral pigment vermilion, which is a bright and eye-catching red. It is usually used for making rubbings from newly-cut steles. The red colour symbolises good luck.
北魏磚文硃拓
香港大學美術博物館藏
Northern Wei Brick (Red ink rubbing)
Collection of UMAG, HKU
濃墨或淡墨拓
一般在常見的拓片中，介乎烏金拓和蟬翼拓之濃墨或淡墨拓之間的，較深色者稱濃墨拓，較淺色者稱淡墨拓。
Heavily inked and lightly inked rubbings
In general, most black ink rubbings that fall between wujin and chanyi rubbings are referred to as either heavily inked or lightly inked rubbings. These are the most common types of ink rubbings.
雁塔聖教序拓本
香港大學美術博物館藏（濃墨拓）
Rubbing Album of Preface to the Sacred Teachings
Collection of UMAG, HKU (heavily inked rubbing)
粵刻瑯邪臺石拓本
香港大學圖書館藏（淡墨拓）
Rubbing of Langya Terrace Inscriptions (Guangdong edition),
Collection of HKU Libraries (lightly inked rubbing)
常見書法拓片的裝裱形式
Common Mounting Methods for Rubbings of Calligraphy
整裝裱
包括襯紙摺疊和捲軸裝，最能體現原碑大小和外觀。前者主要托底紙，後者經過托底、鑲邊，覆褙及上軸杆等工序。
Intact Mounting
Intact mountings include foldable mountings and handscrolls. Both of these formats maintain the stele’s original size and overall appearance. Foldable mountings are created by pasting the rubbing onto a backing paper; handscrolls require the addition of a backing paper and borders to the sides of the rubbing, along with a rod for hanging the scroll.
《琅琊臺刻石》圖拓合卷
香港大學圖書館藏（捲軸裝）
Painting and Rubbing of Langya Terrace Inscriptions
HKU Libraries (handscroll)
《九龍宋皇臺遺址碑記》（整裝裱）拓片
香港浸會大學圖書館藏
Rubbing of Inscription about Sung Wong Toi at Kowloon Site (Intact-mounted)
Collection of Hong Kong Baptist University Library
冊頁裝
類似書籍的裝幀形式剪裱，以經折裝為主。
Album
This is similar to a traditional book format, which includes cutting and rearranging the layout of the rubbings into an album that is generally mounted on cloth.
《繹山石刻》徐鉉模本
香港大學圖書館藏
Album of Inscription on Mount Yi (Xu Xuan’s Copy)
Collection of HKU Libraries
蓑衣裱
蓑衣裱是指把碑文按照豎行裁成若干長條，狀如蓑衣，然後將裁好的碑文長條分頁裝裱成冊後，原碑的文字順序、抬頭。
Suoyi Mounting (Straw Rain Cloak Mounting)
In a Suoyi mounting, the calligraphic rubbing is cut into numerous long vertical strips that resemble the shape of raincoats. These strips are then divided into individual pages and bound into an album format, thus preserving the original text order and section headers.
《紀泰山銘》拓本
香港大學圖書館藏
Rubbing Album of Inscription on Mount Tai
Collection of HKU Libraries
拓片鑑賞
Appreciation of Ink rubbing and Its Techniques
在鑒賞拓片的時候，我們可以留意原碑版刻石或器物的重要性（歷史和藝術價值）及其工藝水平。例如，金文學學者偏好能夠最清楚和最準確辨識碑文的拓片，而研究書法的學者則偏好最能夠展現銘文或保留原墨跡之線條輪廓的文字拓本。其次包括選紙、墨色的濃淡、初拓、原拓、翻刻和碑石的狀況或損毀程度等，而經裝裱成冊的拓片，則稱為拓本，又再視乎其裝潢用材及風格而分等級。
拓片的價值
除此之外，拓片的内在價值還在於它對傳統文化和藝術的傳承。自清代乾嘉時期開始，社會出現了追求精拓的風氣，目的是更有效地保留古人的書法銘刻，而拓片亦因此成爲了一門獨立的藝術形式。對於文人和金石學者來説，欣賞和收藏拓片是培養文化及藝術生活中的重要一環。拓片上斑駁陸離的石花、青銅器的鏽跡以及細膩的墨色，皆為人們構成了一個獨特的審美體驗。
When appreciating ink rubbings, we should pay attention to the values of its original engravings and the level of craftsmanship. The former refers to the artistic and historical values of the engravings or inscribed objects. For example, scholars of bronze inscriptions prefer rubbings that can clearly and accurately identify the content of the inscriptions. As for calligraphers, they treasure rubbings that can best reveal the original calligraphic form, including the outlines and brush traces in the calligraphy. Other factors include the quality of the paper and ink, the rubbing technique employed, whether the ink rubbing was the initial one on the stele or derived from a recut version, the physical condition of the stele or engraving (including its level of intactness or damage), whether the rubbings were mounted in an album format, and if they are bound in a set of albums. The size, layout and cover materials all play a significant role.
Valuing Ink Rubbings
In addition, ink rubbings carry an intrinsic value rooted in the preservation of traditional culture and art. Since the Qianjia period in the Qing dynasty, society has increasingly focused on creating exquisite ink rubbings with the aim of more effectively conserving the calligraphies and engravings of ancient times. Consequently, ink rubbings have evolved into a discrete art form. For scholars and epigraphers, the appreciation and collection of ink rubbings represent an integral aspect of a cultured life. From its ability to capture the mottled surface of stone and the patina of bronzes to the subtlety of ink colour, ink rubbings offer a unique aesthetic experience.
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